Editing 40d:Screw pump

{{Quality|Exceptional}}
{{Machine_component|name=Screw pump|key=s|job=[[Pump operator]]
|construction=
* [[Block]]
* [[Enormous corkscrew]]
* [[Pipe section]]
|construction_job=
* [[Architecture]]
* 1 of
** [[Carpentry]]
** [[Masonry]]
** [[Metalsmithing]]
|power=Needs 10 power.
}}{{av}}

A '''screw pump''' is a small [[building]] that can lift liquids ([[water]] or [[magma]]) from one level below onto the same [[Z-level]] as the pump. It is two tiles by one tile in size, and it can be either manually operated by a [[dwarf]] with the [[pump operator]] job or by using [[gear assembly|gear assemblies]] connected to [[water wheel]]s and/or [[windmill]]s. 

The direction you want the fluid to travel must be chosen at the time of construction.  Pumping only occurs in a straight line, and involves a total of 4 tiles in a row - the liquid source, two for the pump, and the output. The "rise" in levels occurs on the first tile, the intake side, from one level below up to the level of the pump*.  Pumped fluids can and will flow immediately after being pumped, as normal for that fluid.  Pumped fluids will have a [[pressure]] equal to the exit [[z-level]] - a pump never "forces" water to a higher [[z-level]] than the output tile.

:''(* A DF pump can best be imagined as a simple [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw archimedes screw].)''

Salt water pumped through a pump will become drinkable if then kept separate from natural walls, natural floors, other salt water or an aquifer.

''For a basic overview of how the different machine parts work and work together, see [[machinery]].''

== Construction ==

Building a screw pump requires an [[enormous corkscrew]], a [[block]], and a [[pipe]] section. The construction itself is completed in two stages. First a dwarf with the [[architect]] labor must design it. Then a dwarf (the same or a different one) with the appropriate labor must complete the building. This could be [[carpentry]], [[metalsmithing]], or [[masonry]], depending on the material of the block.

It's important to choose the proper orientation for your pump, where it will draw water from and where it will deliver the water.  This is determined before placement with the {{k|u}}, {{k|k}}, {{k|m}}, or {{k|h}} keys, and the text at the top of the sub-menu will change to confirm your choice.  The default (as shown above in the sidebar), "pumps from the north" (top).  The ''light'' green X must be next to the liquid source and the ''dark'' green X is where the liquid exits the pump. [[Image:Small pump.jpg|thumb|right|300px|'''Basic Side View of a Pump'''. <br /> This pump "pumps from the west", from left to right.  The area to the right may fill to the top of that level, but no more  (See [[pressure]]; see [[Screw_pump#Pumping_up_multiple_levels|Pump stack]]). Note that the entire space required is 4 tiles long by 1 tile wide, not including any retaining walls for the outflow.   If pumped manually, the [[pump operator]] stands in the light-colored area, as the dark-colored is impassable to both fluid and movement.<br />
''(Altho' the "liquid" is shown as blue, this can work for [[magma]] as well, with the [[magma-safe|appropriate precautions]].)'']]
<br />
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This example "pumps from the west" (left) to the east (right), the {{k|h}} option.  If pumped manually, the dwarf stands on the light-colored tile, as the dark-colored is impassable.

The orientation is visible after placement only by using {{k|q}}uery over or near that pump.  Orientation of a pump cannot be changed after being constructed, but, as with any building, it can be deconstructed into its component parts and rebuilt as and where desired.

Having specified the direction of travel, you must ensure that the source side of the pump is placed adjacent to and above (in the [[z-axis]]) a liquid. The screw pump will draw the liquid up from below its level, and distribute it out of the other side of the pump.

== Notes ==

* The source of the pump must be directionally adjacent to "Open Space" that is directly above a source of liquid. The adjacent space cannot be a floor, stairway or wall suspended over water. Screw pumps can pull water through a grate, floor bars, or a [[construction|constructed]] fortification on the Z-level below.
* The light pump tile is where a pump operator will stand (if the pump is not powered mechanically).  Liquids to be pumped must be 1 level below the (empty) area adjacent to this tile.  
* Dwarves must be able to access and stand on the light tile of the pump in order to build the pump and then to be able to operate the pump manually.
* The dark pump tile is on the output side.  Liquids will appear in the tile adjacent to this.
* The dark pump tile blocks liquids flow and creature movement, and can be built into a wall to create a solid barrier.  The light tile of the pump does not block flow or movement.
* Pumps can also be used in conjunction with a [[water wheel]] or a [[windmill]] to become self-powered.
* Active mechanisms connected to the pump will automatically start the pump; to prevent this either restrict liquid flow using floodgates or hatches, or put in a [[gear assembly]] linked to a [[lever]] to disconnect the [[power]].
* Adjacent pumps ''automatically'' transfer mechanical power to any other adjacent pump(s), no [[axle]] or [[mechanism]] is required.  If too many pumps are adjacent, there may be insufficient power to run them. This does '''not''' apply to pumps being manually operated by dwarves.
* A hatch above the input tile (on the same level as the pump) that is linked to a trigger (a [[lever]] or [[pressure plate]]) makes an effective on/off switch for that pump.
* In order to build pumps in a "hanging" state, as in the stacked screw pump example (below), one of its tiles must be able to connect to a nearby machine, either already existing or designated to be built. If, when the screw pump's construction is completed, the supporting mechanism has not yet been completed, it will promptly collapse into its component parts.
* Pumps do '''not''' push liquids '''up''' additional Z-levels above them.  They only deliver water to their own level.  That is, if you direct the output of a screw pump into a 1-square space surrounded by walls, the water will not "overflow" the walls. Consequently, a pump will refuse to move liquid if the level it is pumping to is completely filled.  Higher levels can be achieved using a "pump stack" (below). (See [[Pressure]])
* In order to safely pump magma, the pump must be made of [[magma-safe]] materials or the pump's components will melt or burn. Curiously, if the [[pipe segment]] is made of any [[metal]], then none of the pump's components will heat up, allowing a wooden corkscrew to pump magma without problems. This is likely a bug.
* Magma, which normally has no pressure, will behave like pressurized when pumped. For example, when pumped into an U-turn, magma will come out at the other end. Normal (non-pumped) magma would just pool at the lowest level. This may be either very useful (can be used to build pressure towers for magma) or deadly (forge level flooded with magma, because someone tried to pump magma into a volcano).
* Pump's pseudo-pressure doesn't work across diagonals. If there is a diagonal-only passage in your tunnel, liquids will seep slowly through it, instead of bursting through above their normal maximal speed, like they would if there was good passage.

====Common mistakes====
* Orienting a pump incorrectly, and/or not having a proper open liquid source.
* Pumping water into an area with a path to other parts of your fortress. (The pump may work perfectly - the fortress quickly [[flood]]s.)
* Expecting water to rise up above the same level of a pump.
* Building a wall attached only to the light tile - this leaves a diagonal leak between the wall and the dark tile unless sealed there.  (If that's not a problem, don't worry about it.)
* Having stairs as input tile. Stairs block input tile, thus rendering the pump useless, even though liquids usually ignore stairs. Output tile can be any liquid-passable tile.

== Example layouts ==
=== Single Pump ===

[[Image:jt_screwpump.png|frame|left|A screw pump delivers from the level below to the tile in front. This pump pumps from the right to the left.  The "dark tile" would be on the left - that entire tile is impassible to movement and fluids.]]<br style="clear: both"/>

=== Pumping up multiple levels ===
[[Image:pumpsnc4.png|frame|right|(See numbered comments, left)]]
The easiest way to do this is to stack the pumps directly on top of each other in alternating directions, also known as a '''pump stack'''. The first one pumps North to South, the one directly above it pumps South to North, the next one above that pumps North to South again, ad infinitum. Make sure to fully surround the area the water will fill with walls, including diagonals, or water will leak out very fast.

Adjacent pumps automatically transmit mechanical power. If the pumps are "open" (that is, built on channeled tiles) to each other across z-levels, then a stack only requires (sufficient) power to be transferred to one pump. All others will be powered by association with the first. You can transmit power to each pump by simply channeling out the floor at the front (aka output side).

'''See diagram, right'' 
This example is from a 
[http://www.bay12games.com/cgi-local/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic&f=2&t=001225&p=2 Bay12 forum thread.]

:#Side view of the basic pump unit. Water is moved from the lower floor to the upper; notice how the front of the pump does not need a floor.
:#Side view of stacked screw pumps. Power is transmitted vertically through the '''missing floor''' tiles under the fronts of the pumps - no need for gearboxes in this design. The screw pump front prevents the water from flowing diagonally downwards.
:#Top view of the entire pump stack, 4 tiles long (plus retaining walls and access, optional).
:#Top view with walls in place to prevent the receiving area from spilling out. If this is all it needed, these units could be stacked on top of each other, but it's missing one thing - dwarf access. There's no stairs/ramps, and no good place to put them either that wouldn't interfere with the adjacent levels' water containment.
:#Solution for a freestanding tower - fire escape! You can also consolidate the up and downstairs into a single up/down stair tile. Just build these on top of each other, flipping horizontally each time. Minimal yet aesthetic multi-level water pumping.

=== Running a pump with a windmill ===

First, build a [[windmill]] anywhere aboveground (note that it won't do anything yet).

Then, build the pump. The end you selected to 'pump from' will suck water up from the level below, then pump it out of the other end. Build with this in mind. If you want to pump from a river, the 'pump from' end should be on the river.

Both the pipe and corkscrew can be built by a [[carpenter]], (the corkscrew is listed as something like 'enormous wooden cor' if you are using the single-width screen, but hitting {{k|Tab}} to expand the screen should reveal the full text).

Connecting [[Windmill|windmills]] to pumps:

Note that it's much easier if the centre of the [[windmill]] lines up with the pump.

# Dig one level below the [[windmill]] and put a [[gear assembly]] directly beneath the [[axle]] (at centre of windmill). The windmill will start turning.
# In this example the power is brought back up to the surface for pumping straight from a river. To do this, dig away from the first gear until the surface is clear above. Place another gear here.
# Connect the gears together using a horizontal axle.
# Get a [[miner]] to [[channel]] on top of the second gear.
# Build a third gear in this channel. You should now have a turning gear on the surface.
# If you thought ahead, you should only need one axle to connect the surface gear to the pump. A pump can be powered from any side.

It is recommended that you connect a lever to one of your gears beforehand. The pump will start pumping as soon as it has power.

You can change stuff around as the situation dictates, but that should get you started.

[[Image:Above.png|frame|none|above]]
[[Image:Below.png|frame|none|below]]

<small>The pictures aren't lined up - the far right gear in the second picture is the one below the surface gear.</small>

===No retaining walls===
So long as the fluid is not dumped onto a floor tile*, a pump stack does not ''need'' retaining walls to hold the fluid in as it gets moved up - a powered pump will suck 100% of the water in the tile below it up the instant it shows up there.  So, as long as it's all powered '''and''' there's always room for the liquid to go, it's good.  However, once the power is shut off or the topmost output tile is blocked, all those tiles full of water (or magma!) flow normally.

:''(* when a liquid is sitting on a floor tile, it has a chance to spread out to adjacent tiles)''

A combination of walls and (locked) doors can serve as retaining walls when necessary, and are sometimes faster and easier to (de)construct.

== Alternative uses ==
=====Attribute gain=====
Pumps can also be built with no actual pumping in mind but as dwarven exercise machines.  This is an excellent method to train haulers for better strength and agility or for future soldiers. (See [[cross-training]].)

=====Desalinization=====
[[Image:Screwpump-desalination.png|thumb|An example of how to desalinate water. Single-tilde water is salty, double-tilde water is pure.  Constructed walls and floor are not shown.]]
Screw pumps also act to desalinate any water which is pumped through them. This is very useful for providing a source of potable water in otherwise entirely salt-water regions. However, if desalinated water comes into contact with natural walls or natural floors, other saltwater, or passes through a saltwater [[aquifer]] level (even if that has been sealed by [[smoothing]]), the water will be ''re''salinated.  So any freshwater cistern (tanks) must be entirely constructed to the full level of the water, with no natural floors or walls that will come in contact with the de-salinated water.

*Note* This seems suspiciously like a bug if you notice that *any* natural ground re-salinates the water.

=====Plumbing management=====
Screw pumps can be used to "reset" [[water pressure]], preventing a surface water source from flooding a fortress through a [[well]] or fishing hole.

=====Power transfer through walls=====
Screw pumps can also be built as a means of transmitting mechanical power from one side of a wall to the other without allowing creatures or liquids to pass through. Simply replace one square of the wall with the impassable square of the pump, and connect axles or gear assemblies to the pump on either side of the wall. If containing fluids, of course make sure that the pump is pumping into the submerged area, not out of it.

== External links ==

*[[User:Markavian/DFMA|DFMA]] Ingame Videos featuring screw pumps: ([http://mkv25.net/dfma/movie-pump Movies with Pump in the title])
*[[User:Markavian/DFMA|DFMA]] Ingame Video tutorial on [http://mkv25.net/dfma/movie-1553-howtode-saltsaltwaterintodrinkingwater How to desalt salt water]

{{Water FAQ}}

{{Category|Machine components}}