Editing 40d:Magma

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{{Quality|Masterwork|23:23, 22 May 2010 (UTC)}}
'''Magma''' is red-hot molten rock present in [[volcano]]es, as well as magma pools and magma pipes. It serves as an energy source, powering [[magma forge]]s, [[magma glass furnace]]s, [[magma kiln]]s, and [[magma smelter]]s, which do not "use it up" in any way.  It is ''extremely'' dangerous, [[fun|and has led to the death of many dwarves, and many fortresses]].

Magma never cools, but can [[evaporation|evaporate]] if left at a depth of 1/7 for long enough. If mixed with water, it can form obsidian (see below).

'''Lava''' is the same substance. Magma is what it is called underground, while it is called Lava if it is above ground. <!-- see talk page.-->

==Magma sources==
Magma almost exclusively occurs in two different features; magma pools and magma pipes.
* A '''magma pool''' is a reservoir of magma that occupies only a few Z-levels in the mountain, without reaching the surface. Magma pools can be very small, and may have few suitable locations for buildings that rely on magma. Magma in these pools is limited, and pools will not refill with magma once emptied.
* A '''magma pipe''' starts at the lowest z-level of the map from a magma (or lava) flow and extends in a pipe shape upwards, sometimes reaching the surface but often not. Magma pipes gradually refill with magma.
* '''[[Eerie glowing pit|Hidden Fun Stuff]]''' also contains a very, very, very small amount of magma, enough for a smelter or two.

Also, note that...
* A '''[[volcano]]''' is identical in gameplay to a magma pipe, but it has the advantage of being a geographical feature that is visible on the [[location]] screen.  This means that it is a lot easier to find. However, it IS actually possible for a volcano that shows up on the "local" and region screen in the starting location chooser to be entirely underground - although you could see it in the starting location chooser, it would not be visible from the surface once your dwarves have arrived at the fort's site.
* A magma "'''vent'''" is the generic, non-game term for either a pipe or pool. When the distinction doesn't matter, it's commonly referred to as a vent.

== Finding magma ==

Volcanoes are  visible on the "local" screen in the starting location chooser. It is represented as a red ≈ mark (a double tilde) - essentially it looks like red water.  Note that red ≈ marks in the "region" screen mean something different entirely (e.g. red sand). 
If you are using a certain [[utility]], you can also see magma pools and magma pipes on the local screen in the embark menu. 
After you have embarked for a place that has a volcano, and once your dwarves have arrived at their target destination, you should see a large red pool of lava on your map. If you don't, you should expect your volcano to be somewhere underground. You then have to use [[exploratory mining]] to find it. If you can find a large patch of obsidian on the surface that is devoid of boulders, chances are there is a magma vent below, so that would be a good place to start your mining.

While picking a starting location, the easiest place to look for magma is on or near a [[volcano]] (a red ^ mark in the "region" screen).  There are often volcanic islands (easy to find, since they are the sole land in the middle of oceans), but since sea travel is not yet implemented, trade with other races may not be possible on such islands.  Instead, find a volcano on land, and (optionally) start looking for a vent in nearby squares.  "Nearby squares" can mean anything from literally on top of the volcano, to adjacent, to quite a long distance away indeed.  The placement of magma seems to be related to the distance from volcanoes, but is still essentially random.

Magma vents occur exclusively in world map tiles that are primarily [[igneous extrusive]]. That is to say, if you select an entire tile on the embarkation screen and press F1 to highlight the most common terrain, the tile will only have magma if the top stone is dark gray, signifying igneous extrusive rock. Magma does not necessarily form in this geological zone/biome, rather anywhere in the tile. Even if magma is not evident on the surface, it's almost certain to be underground somewhere, though the chances of finding it without reveal.exe are still slim.

Much harder than simply finding a magma vent is finding a magma vent that is also near suitable terrain for building.  Depending on your requirements - you may be looking for a source of running [[water]], or a [[mountain]] for minerals, or a healthy [[tree]] population, a layer of [[flux]] for [[steel]] production or even all four - suitable building sites can be extremely scarce.

Since volcanoes show up on the region finder, and magma vents do not, you may find it easier to simply check all volcanoes on a map for suitability, and generate a new world if none are suitable, rather than scouring tile after tile for magma vents.

If you're willing to search exhaustively, you might want to consider finding magma vents that are not near volcanoes at all.  Very occasionally, magma will be visible in the middle of forests, plains, or other terrain nowhere near a volcano or even mountains.  There is no way to spot these on the region map, so you have to review the local maps. This can be done from DF, but since it involves a lot of scrolling and is very tedious, you can try exporting the local map of the world which can be much more quickly searched for the distinctive red ≈ symbol.

You can also occasionally find magma that does not extend all the way to the surface, and therefore is not visible on the local map.  These are in fact much more numerous than surface-visible magma vents; however, they are almost impossible to find without cheating via one of the [[utilities]] like "reveal.exe", since unlike proper magma vents these smaller deposits must be almost literally mined into to see (you will get a warning about "warm stone" before you actually breach the deposit).  These smaller magma deposits appear in the same places as normal magma vents - near volcanoes, or, failing that, near other known magma.

The newly added "Site Finder" feature neatly sidesteps all of this legwork, allowing you to search for a site with a magma pool or pipe without having to manually check each tile on the world map. Note that unless you edit the .init file so that magma features are shown on the local map, you won't know exactly ''where'' the lava is prior to embarking- just that it exists. Depending on whether or not you like a little mystery, this can be turned on or off at will.

== Using magma ==

On a map with a magma vent, the magma will be clearly visible from every level ground and below, unless the map is in a Freezing area. In Freezing areas, the top few levels of the vent will have cooled to form an [[obsidian]] "cap". This should still be readily recognizable however, as it will comprise a circular area.

[[Image:magmacap.png|thumb|188px|Obsidian "magmacap" as seen from ground level]]

The vent has a similar, circular shape on each level.  However, it is not identical from one level to the next; some levels will have a larger or somewhat misshapen circle of magma.

The primary use for magma is to power [[magma smelter]]s, [[magma glass furnace]]s and [[magma forge]]s.  (There are other uses, including defense, [[obsidian]] production, and possibly even garbage disposal.)  To build forges, etc. on magma, at least one of the external eight squares must be above a square of magma.

This can be done most easily by simply building on ground level.  The magma is visible from ground level but is actually contained one level below ground level, just like any ground-level water source.

To build underground, you will need to dig at least one tile of a [[channel]] down from the location you wish to build the smelter or forge.  Eventually, flowing into this channel (on that lower z-level immediately below the forge or smelter), there must be magma, either from the pipe/pool itself or channeled from the vent.  You can simply build a tunnel straight into the magma (and lose the miner who digs it 99% of the time), or use [[channel]]ing to tap into the magma safely from the level above - this latter requires the lower level to be wider than the upper, to jut out so that last tile can be channeled away from above to free the magma into the tunnel system on that level.  

Tapping into magma directly is usually safe provided that you are prepared for it (see Pressure note below). Unpressurized Magma is much slower than water from a river source, and can be stopped by any [[magma-safe]] [[floodgate]], [[door]] or etc. with a [[bauxite]] mechanism. Take care however if you are using a [[screw pump]] to pump magma into a tunnel/funnel with a cistern below - the pump will make the magma overflow as it would with water. 

Volcanoes and magma pipes slowly replenish their supply of magma. A miner with less than Unbelievably Agile will die when breaching a magma tube as he can't move away quick enough.

=== Producing Obsidian ===
Magma can also be used to produce [[obsidian]], a stone which has a base value of 3 (compare with 1 for normal [[stone]] and 2 for [[flux]] stones), and which can be used to make swords at a [[Craftsdwarf's workshop]]. 

See [[Obsidian farming]].

=== Creature Safety ===
[[volcano|Volcanoes]] do not house nice things - [[Fire man|Fire men]], [[Magma man|Magma men]], and [[Fire imp|Fire imps]] all have their habitats in magma. All of these are attributed to innumerable cases of [[fun]], especially with newer players and forts starting off a bit too close to their volcanic perches.

There are several things you can do to prevent [[fun]].
*Channel water in a moat around the top of the volcano. This will prevent creatures from venturing too far from their homes, but they can still chuck fire at your [[wood cutter]]s and [[fisherdwarf|fisherdwarves]]. Losing these early on can easily damn your efforts.
*Build far enough away from the volcano as to not catch the attention of what lurks inside. It is perfectly alright to dig several screens away from the volcano and then tunnel up alongside it. Magma does not exert [[pressure]] and will not follow the rules of equilibrium.
*Use [[magma-safe]] [[grate]]s to filter out unwanted creatures. This works for [[fire imp]]s, but [[fire man|fire men]] and [[magma man|magma men]] are [[building destroyer]]s and will knock down grates. [[Fortifications]] will '''not''' work, since creatures will be able to swim through them freely once they are submerged to a depth of 7/7.

==Magma flow==

[[Image:Safemagma.png|thumb|188px|Magma safely diverted underground (cross section)]]

Magma is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid non-Newtonian fluid] and as such will not be affected by pressure under normal circumstances.

Thus it can be safely passed through tunnels to be used at a lower point in the fortress.

A frequent mistake, however, is to assume that a channel is sufficient to cause magma to fall. While magma will not rise out of a channel, it can flow over the top once the channel fills up.

Another common mistake has to deal with magma pipes and volcanos in Freezing areas. Many people will channel into the obsidian cap and then into the magma through there. However, once a tile of the obsidian 'cap' is breached, the tile directly above the breach will then be included as part of the magma pipe and the magma will begin rising until it has filled that square. For fortresses that tapped into the magma, this can result in waves of magma slowly filling up the fortress from the bottom level up to the magma pipe's new top level. The magma can continue to rise all of the way to the surface if an entire section of the obsidian cap is channeled. The magma will not harden into obsidian again, though, just from the cold temperatures.

[[Image:Unsafemagma.png|thumb|188px|Danger: This will overflow (cross section)]]

Also note that screw pumps can cause magma to behave oddly. Magma that is emerging pumped from a screw pump will behave as if pressurized, and be forced upwards to the same level as the pump. However, this pressure is only exerted by the pump itself - once on the other side, the magma will flow normally again. It is possible to use this effect to channel magma from distant source. If you happen to have constructed your fortress very far from the magma source, you can use a screw pump to "pressurize" the magma to force to flow much more quickly. Where unpressurized magma might take years to flow across the map, pressurized magma would just take a few days.

[[Image:Pumpedmagma.png|thumb|154px|Pumps will cause magma to rise to the level of the pump (cross section)]]

==Magma pipe refilling==

[[Image:MagmaPipeProperties.png|thumb|188px|Unsafe and safe magma pipe configurations]]

Magma pipes are '''not''' pressurized and will flow predictably ([[Magma#Magma_flow]]).

Magma pipes refill itself slowly to its original z-level if there is nothing obstructing its path. Tiles above the magma flow tiles will randomly increase magma flow until its original z-level is at 7/7.

There are exceptions to this rule. If there is a floor or wall above a magma flow tile, it will not produce magma above the floor/wall.

Note that since the addition of magma is quite slow, if you intend to breach only a few tiles to fill with magma, it might evaporate at a faster rate than replenishing. A single tile of replenishing magma will most likely evaporate with as little as 5-10 open tiles.

==Magma compared to water==

Magma is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid non-Newtonian fluid]. As such, it acts like water in certain circumstances, but acts differently in others.

===Similarities===

*Magma fills a tile and has seven possible depths.
*Magma flows outward and downward to expand into clear space.
*Screw pumps work in magma.
*Floodgates and [[pressure plate]]s work in magma.
*Constructed [[wall]]s of all kinds safely contain magma.
*Objects thrown into magma sink to the bottom.
*Magma that is only 1 deep "evaporates" over time.
*Magma will create mist.

===Differences===

*Magma is extremely hot, and capable of melting objects and buildings made of most materials (see [[Magma#Magma vs. built objects|Magma vs. built objects]]) and thus destroying them.
*Magma is not normally pressurized, it seeps out of holes slower than water and slow enough for any [[dwarves]] to outrun, unless they are the ones digging into it. That is to say, digging into a volcano core is likely to result in the death of the miner unless he is sufficiently [[agile]] or has another immediately pending task - otherwise, he will pause for a moment, think of what to do next, then burst into flames as the magma flows onto him. It is recommended that you tell any prized miners to no longer mine and give a [[peasant]] or otherwise less desirable dwarf the sole responsibility of breaking the barrier holding back magma.  It is also usually safe to carve a [[fortification]] into the wall.
*Magma only spawns directly above the "Magma Flow" tiles at the bottom of a [[Magma#Magma sources|magma pipe]], and only up to the original top level. Otherwise, its level may rise only by dripping more magma from above, and new magma may only distribute itself by moving down or to the sides, but never up.
*Magma reacts violently with water, releasing steam and leaving behind tiles of solid obsidian which can be mined, smoothed or engraved like any natural tile.
*Magma cannot be used to satisfy [[thirst]].
*[[Magma mist]] is not generated by falling magma, but only by a [[cave-in]].
*Magma mist will not generate happy [[thought]]s, but will instead burn whatever it touches.

== Magma vs. built objects ==

Some objects that come in contact with magma will function fine, no matter what their material. Others will melt or cease to work properly unless they're made of [[magma-safe materials]]. 

* [[Workshop]]s that are powered by magma need to be built from [[magma-safe]] materials - due to a bug, however, nearly ''all'' materials are treated as magma-safe.
* Constructed objects like [[wall]]s, [[floor]]s, [[stairs]] and [[ramp|ramps]] can be made of any material, even those that are not "Magma-safe", and can come into contact with magma without issues. 
* Like walls, [[door]]s can also be built out of any material and still hold back lava as long as it's in the "closed" position. It may be wise to make sure hallways/rooms close to an engineering project involving magma have plenty of doors, just in case you have a little too much [[fun]] when you forget to build that last [[floodgate]].
* [[Bridge]]s that are built ''over'' magma may be constructed of any material. However, bridges that are ''submerged'' in magma must be constructed of a magma-safe material.
* Most machines must be made of [[magma-safe]] materials to function for more than a few minutes in magma. This includes [[floodgate]]s.  Unsafe materials will function for a while, but then melt or burn away. Screw pumps made from flammable materials (wood, possibly also graphite, lignite, or bituminous coal blocks) can catch fire, though stone and metal components may run for a long time before melting.
* Stone [[mechanism]]s attached to a construction will melt in magma unless made of bauxite or [[raw adamantine]], even if the construction itself is made of [[steel]].

If even a single component of a submerged building melts (whether a chalk mechanism on a steel floodgate or a copper sword in a weapon trap), the entire building will deconstruct.

== Magma creatures ==
[[Fire imp]]s, [[fire man|firemen]], [[magma man|magma men]], and [[fire snake]]s inhabit Magma. Fire snakes are a type of [[vermin]] that can set your fortress on [[fire]] with little to no warning.  Like all other vermin, they may spawn a short distance outside their native environment, meaning they can appear in any region near a magma pipe, even if the region and magma have no physical connection. However, they only spawn near natural formations. They will not spawn at a channel you have dug to another section of your fortress.

== Temperature settings ==

Magma is almost harmless if temperature is disabled in the Dwarf Fortress init file. It can still trap and suffocate or simply starve your dwarves in some situations. It will not melt bridges, etc. constructed of non-[[magma-safe|magma-proof]] materials.

== Magma reactions ==

*Flowing water: If magma happens to contact water it produces some steam and [[obsidian]].  Steam is no longer deadly (as in the old 2D version) so steam traps are ineffective; however, it is now much safer to cast large volumes of [[obsidian]] inside mined or constructed molds.  The resulting slabs of [[obsidian]] are functionally identical to native stone.
*[[Activity zone|Pond]] water: A bucket of water dumped onto magma from directly above will cause all of the magma in the tile to disappear in a puff of steam. If dropped from more than one Z-level up, obsidian will be created as expected.
*[[Brook]]s: If magma comes in contact with a brook, it will not produce steam, but will turn the water tile below the brook to obsidian, and give the brook tile the appearance of a dried-up brook.
*Rocks: [[stone|Rock]]s left over from mining will melt if magma covers them. During the season change, all molten rock is automatically removed (at the same time as blood/vomit).
*Magma-safe items: [[Magma-safe]] items in magma (iron, adamantine, raw bauxite, etc.) will never melt or be destroyed by the magma. One way to recover them it to turn the magma into obsidian using water and dig them out when it is safe, as encasing them in stone will also not destroy them.
*Trees: [[Tree]]s will not burn or be destroyed by magma.
*Pressure: Magma does not transmit [[water pressure|pressure]] diagonally, but can in orthogonal directions.
*Speed: Magma flows at the same rate as unpressurized water.
*In a volcano or a magma pipe, magma will occasionally appear in small columns above its surface  [http://www.bay12games.com/forum/index.php?topic=26201.msg311730#msg311730] if it is below its original level. It will not be created above floors. It will be created in 7s, and will probably spread around in few seconds. This may be deadly to unlucky dwarves standing around. Therefore, to be sure to avoid casualties, do not build workshops inside the pipe itself except at the highest level of magma.
*Cave-in: A cave-in of natural tiles or (more than one) constructed tiles landing in magma will cause potentially lethal [[magma mist]].

{{Category|Physics}}
{{Magma FAQ}}